Best for Hormonal Balance

Ashwagandha demonstrates strong evidence for favorable hormonal changes in humans, particularly for stress hormone modulation (cortisol reduction) and testosterone increases in men. Multiple well-designed RCTs show consistent, clinically meaningful effects, though most studies involve relatively small sample sizes and short durations.

PT-141 (bremelanotide) demonstrates consistent, clinically meaningful improvements in sexual desire and arousal in premenopausal women with HSDD across multiple large RCTs, though effect sizes are modest and adverse events (particularly nausea at 40%) are common.

Tesamorelin is a GHRH analogue with strong evidence of efficacy for reducing visceral adiposity and improving body composition in HIV-infected patients. Multiple high-quality RCTs consistently demonstrate significant reductions in visceral fat, liver fat, and improvements in metabolic markers, making it the only FDA-approved therapy for HIV-associated lipodystrophy.

Gonadorelin (GnRH agonist) is a well-established hormonal therapy with proven efficacy in suppressing testosterone and modulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in multiple clinical contexts, demonstrated across 9 human RCTs and 10 observational studies with consistent results.

Berberine demonstrates strong evidence of efficacy for hormonal regulation, particularly through insulin sensitivity and sex hormone modulation. Multiple human RCTs and meta-analyses confirm consistent improvements in glycemic control, insulin resistance, and PCOS-related hormonal abnormalities.

CoQ10 demonstrates strong evidence for improving hormonal function and fertility outcomes in humans, particularly for ovarian aging, PCOS, and male infertility. Multiple meta-analyses and RCTs show consistent, clinically meaningful improvements in reproductive hormones and fertility markers.

Probiotics demonstrate consistent, clinically meaningful improvements in hormonal profiles related to metabolic health and endocrine disorders, particularly in PCOS, gestational diabetes, and type 2 diabetes. Multiple well-designed human RCTs and meta-analyses show significant effects on insulin resistance, sex hormone binding globulin, androgen levels, and inflammatory markers.

Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) demonstrates strong evidence for increasing testosterone levels in men, particularly those with late-onset hypogonadism or androgen deficiency, based on multiple human RCTs and meta-analyses showing consistent, clinically meaningful improvements. Effects in healthy young men and menopausal women are more modest and less consistently demonstrated.

Fenugreek extract demonstrates consistent, clinically meaningful improvements in testosterone levels and hormonal balance across multiple human RCTs, with particularly strong evidence for sexual function and symptom reduction in aging men and PCOS management in women.

Selenium supplementation demonstrates clinically meaningful efficacy for autoimmune thyroid disorders, particularly Hashimoto thyroiditis, with consistent reductions in thyroid antibodies (TPOAb and TgAb) and TSH levels across multiple meta-analyses and RCTs. Evidence is strong for thyroid-specific hormonal outcomes but more limited for other hormonal goals like PCOS and female fertility.

Retatrutide demonstrates strong, consistent efficacy for hormonal metabolic effects in humans, with multiple RCTs showing significant improvements in insulin sensitivity, metabolic dysfunction, and hormone-regulated metabolic markers. Evidence is robust but limited to phase 2 trials; phase 3 confirmatory data is ongoing.

Abaloparatide is a parathyroid hormone receptor agonist with strong evidence from multiple human RCTs demonstrating significant increases in bone mineral density and clinically meaningful reductions in vertebral and non-vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.

Cagrilintide, as a monotherapy and especially combined with semaglutide (CagriSema), demonstrates strong efficacy for weight loss in adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Multiple large human RCTs show consistent, clinically meaningful reductions in body weight, with emerging evidence of blood pressure and metabolic improvements.

Lanreotide is a well-established somatostatin analog with strong human evidence for hormonal control in acromegaly and neuroendocrine tumors. Multiple RCTs and meta-analyses demonstrate consistent suppression of growth hormone and IGF-1 in acromegaly, and antiproliferative effects in NETs, making it an effective first-line hormonal therapy.

Pemvidutide, a GLP-1/glucagon dual receptor agonist, demonstrates strong efficacy for metabolic hormonal parameters including liver fat reduction, weight loss, and improvements in glucose control and insulin sensitivity in humans. Evidence comes from well-designed randomized controlled trials with consistent positive results.

Setmelanotide is a melanocortin-4 receptor agonist that reduces hunger and body weight in patients with rare genetic forms of obesity (POMC deficiency, LEPR deficiency, and Bardet-Biedl syndrome). Multiple human RCTs demonstrate clinically meaningful weight loss and sustained hunger reduction, with consistent effects across diverse genetic subtypes.

Survodutide, a glucagon/GLP-1 dual receptor agonist, demonstrates strong efficacy for weight loss and metabolic improvements in humans based on a rigorous phase 2 RCT. The compound shows meaningful hormonal effects including improvements in insulin sensitivity and pancreatic function, though long-term data and comparative efficacy versus other dual agonists remain limited.

Teriparatide (PTH 1-34) is a well-established anabolic agent that effectively increases bone formation and improves bone mineral density in postmenopausal osteoporosis and other bone conditions. Multiple human RCTs demonstrate clinically meaningful improvements in bone turnover and fracture healing, with consistent results across independent studies.

Vosoritide is a C-type natriuretic peptide analog that significantly increases growth velocity and height in children with achondroplasia through multiple well-designed human RCTs and consistent real-world observational data. The compound works by stimulating endochondral bone growth via the cGMP pathway, with effect sizes that are clinically meaningful and sustained over years of treatment.

Cinnamon demonstrates consistent benefits for hormonal and metabolic markers in PCOS and type 2 diabetes across multiple human RCTs, with particular efficacy for reducing insulin resistance, fasting blood glucose, and testosterone levels. Evidence is strong but not conclusive due to variable study quality and some inconsistent results on secondary outcomes.

Creatine monohydrate produces modest effects on some hormonal markers (DHT, cortisol, testosterone/cortisol ratio) in resistance-trained males, but effects are inconsistent across studies and lack strong clinical significance for general hormonal health. Most human studies are small and short-term.

CJC-1295 consistently increases GH and IGF-1 levels in humans with a long-acting profile (half-life 5.8-8.1 days), but evidence is limited to 2 small RCTs. Efficacy for hormonal optimization is demonstrated in controlled settings, but clinical significance for health outcomes beyond hormone elevation remains unproven.

Thymosin alpha-1 shows probable efficacy for immune modulation and hormonal/immune-related conditions in humans, but evidence is limited to small RCTs and observational studies without large-scale replication. Multiple meta-analyses and observational studies demonstrate CD4+ T-cell increases and improved immune markers, but clinical meaningfulness and long-term efficacy remain incompletely characterized.

MOTS-c shows probable efficacy for hormonal health, primarily through improving insulin sensitivity and reducing androgens in PCOS, but evidence is limited to small human observational studies and animal models. Clinical translation remains unproven.

Sermorelin stimulates growth hormone secretion and increases IGF-1 levels in humans, with demonstrated efficacy in treating growth hormone deficiency in children and raising IGF-1 in hypogonadal men. However, evidence is limited to small human studies and older trials; no large, modern RCTs establish optimal dosing or long-term safety for hormonal optimization in healthy adults.

GHRP-2 reliably stimulates growth hormone secretion in humans and is a validated diagnostic tool for GH deficiency, with demonstrated efficacy in raising IGF-1 levels. However, long-term safety and clinical benefit data in non-diagnostic contexts remain limited.

GHRP-6 consistently stimulates growth hormone (GH) release in humans across multiple studies, with demonstrated efficacy in both healthy subjects and patient populations. However, evidence remains limited to small human studies with short durations and inconsistent clinical outcome data; no large RCTs with long-term safety/efficacy data exist.

Hexarelin demonstrates hormonal effects in humans, particularly stimulating growth hormone, prolactin, and cortisol release in a dose-dependent manner. However, most evidence comes from acute single-dose studies in small human samples (n<20) rather than long-term efficacy trials, limiting proof of sustained clinical benefit.

Melanotan 1 (afamelanotide), an α-MSH analog, demonstrates probable efficacy for hormone-related outcomes in humans, particularly improving quality of life and light tolerance in erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP). However, evidence is limited to observational studies and small RCTs without clear direct hormonal biomarker improvements in most studies.

Melanotan II demonstrates proven efficacy for sexual function in humans (penile erection and sexual desire) based on controlled trials, but evidence for broader hormonal effects is limited. The compound works as a melanocortin receptor agonist with documented sexual enhancement properties, though clinical utility is severely constrained by safety concerns including sympathomimetic toxicity, rhabdomyolysis, priapism, and potential melanoma risk.

Follistatin increases in response to resistance training and certain nutritional interventions in humans, with consistent elevations in the follistatin/myostatin ratio correlating with improvements in muscle mass and body composition. However, no studies directly administered follistatin as an intervention; all evidence is observational of endogenous follistatin changes.

Thymalin demonstrates probable efficacy for hormonal and immune system regulation in humans based on multiple observational studies and two RCTs, with consistent improvements in T-lymphocyte function, immune markers, and clinical outcomes in various conditions. However, evidence is limited by small sample sizes, lack of adequate placebo controls in most studies, and absence of large, well-designed RCTs specifically targeting hormonal endpoints.

Vilon shows probable efficacy for hormonal regulation in humans based on 2 small RCTs demonstrating reduced insulin requirements and improved neuroendocrine parameters in diabetic patients, plus mechanistic support from animal and in-vitro studies. However, evidence remains limited by small sample sizes, lack of independent replication, and focus on diabetes-related hormonal changes rather than broader hormonal goals.

Ibutamoren consistently increases GH and IGF-1 levels in humans and improves some hormonal markers like bone turnover and nitrogen balance, but evidence for clinically meaningful hormonal benefits remains limited and mixed. Large-scale efficacy endpoints (cognitive decline, functional recovery, muscle strength) have failed in RCTs despite robust GH/IGF-1 elevation.

GLP-1 receptor agonists demonstrate probable efficacy in regulating hormonal function, particularly for testosterone levels in men with obesity and androgen/insulin metabolism in women with PCOS. Evidence is supported by multiple human studies and meta-analyses, but sample sizes remain modest and long-term data are limited.

Cortexin shows probable efficacy for hormonal regulation in humans, with 2 RCTs demonstrating normalization of cortisol, DHEA-S, and thyroid hormones in specific populations. However, evidence is limited by small sample sizes, lack of independent replication, and predominance of observational/review studies.

Omega-3 fatty acids show probable efficacy for hormonal health, particularly in improving insulin sensitivity and adipokine profiles in specific populations (pregnant women with diabetes, women with PCOS, overweight/obese adults). However, evidence is mixed and limited by small sample sizes, short intervention periods, and inconsistent results across broader populations.

Magnesium supplementation shows probable but inconsistent efficacy for hormonal health, particularly for insulin resistance and PCOS-related metabolic parameters, but evidence is limited by small sample sizes, variable dosing, and mixed results across studies.

NAC demonstrates probable efficacy for hormonal health in PCOS and male infertility, with consistent improvements in sex hormones and reproductive parameters across multiple human studies. However, effect sizes are modest, sample sizes remain small to moderate, and results are not universally consistent across all hormonal endpoints.

Vitamin D3 shows probable efficacy for some hormonal outcomes in humans, particularly for PCOS-related ovulation and sperm motility in infertile men, but evidence is inconsistent across other hormonal markers like testosterone and PTH suppression.

Zinc shows probable efficacy for hormonal health, particularly testosterone levels in men and metabolic hormones in women with PCOS, supported by multiple meta-analyses and observational studies. However, evidence remains limited by small human RCT sample sizes, inconsistent thyroid hormone findings, and lack of large-scale, long-duration human trials.

Curcumin shows probable efficacy for hormonal health, particularly in PCOS and metabolic disorders affecting hormonal balance. Multiple human RCTs demonstrate improvements in insulin resistance, adipokines, and reproductive hormones, though sample sizes are generally small and results are not uniformly consistent across all hormone parameters.

Quercetin shows probable efficacy for PCOS-related hormonal improvements in humans, with consistent reductions in testosterone and LH across multiple RCTs, but evidence is limited by small sample sizes, short intervention periods, and mixed results on other hormonal markers like adiponectin and leptin.

Resveratrol shows probable but not conclusive efficacy for hormonal health, with mixed evidence suggesting benefits for PCOS, menopausal symptoms, and bone metabolism in women, but null or inconsistent results in several human RCTs.

NMN shows probable efficacy for multiple hormonal outcomes in humans and animals, with demonstrated improvements in insulin sensitivity, pancreatic function, and reproductive hormone regulation. However, evidence is limited to 4 human RCTs with modest sample sizes and inconsistent results across reproductive endpoints.

Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) shows probable benefit for hormonal parameters in humans with metabolic disorders, particularly improving insulin sensitivity and adipokine profiles. However, evidence is limited to small RCTs with inconsistent effects on sex hormones and heterogeneous study populations.

Collagen peptides show probable efficacy for hormonal regulation in humans, particularly for glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and estrogen-dependent conditions like genitourinary syndrome of menopause, but evidence remains limited by small sample sizes and inconsistent replication across independent research groups.

Melatonin shows probable efficacy for hormonal-related outcomes, particularly in reducing cardiometabolic risk factors and improving hormonal markers in PCOS patients. However, evidence is mixed and largely dependent on study population, with limited independent replication and inconsistent effects across hormonal endpoints.

Vitamin K2 shows probable efficacy for hormonal health, particularly in improving insulin sensitivity and reducing androgens in PCOS patients, supported by multiple human RCTs. However, results are inconsistent across different hormonal outcomes and effect sizes are modest to moderate.

Boron supplementation shows modest evidence for hormonally-relevant effects in humans, primarily increasing free testosterone and estradiol levels. However, evidence comes from small RCTs and observational studies with inconsistent findings on reproductive outcomes; clinical meaningfulness remains unclear.

Rhodiola rosea shows probable efficacy for modulating stress hormones and improving mood-related outcomes in humans, with consistent positive findings in multiple RCTs and meta-analyses. However, evidence remains limited by small sample sizes, short intervention periods, and inconsistent hormonal endpoints across studies.

Maca demonstrates probable efficacy for hormonal health goals, particularly for sexual dysfunction and reproductive markers in humans, but evidence is limited by small sample sizes, short study durations, and inconsistent findings regarding direct hormone level changes.

Black seed oil shows probable effects on hormonal markers, particularly estradiol and FSH in postmenopausal women, and may reduce PMS severity through estradiol modulation. However, evidence remains limited to small human studies with mixed results on thyroid hormones, and efficacy is not conclusively proven across different hormonal contexts.

Aged garlic extract shows probable efficacy for hormone-related health markers, particularly adiponectin levels and stress hormones, based on limited human RCT evidence and consistent animal studies. However, human evidence is sparse (only 2 RCTs) and most supportive data comes from animal models.

Green tea extract (EGCG) shows probable efficacy for hormonal regulation in humans, with demonstrated effects on specific hormones like kisspeptin, ghrelin, and reproductive markers in small RCTs. However, evidence remains limited by small sample sizes, short intervention periods, and modest effect sizes that may lack clinical significance.

Psyllium husk demonstrably improves glycemic control and insulin response in humans with diabetes and healthy adults, with consistent effects across multiple RCTs. However, evidence remains limited to glucose/insulin parameters; broader hormonal effects and long-term safety data are sparse.

Spirulina shows probable efficacy for hormonal health, particularly improving insulin sensitivity, reducing cortisol-like stress hormones, and supporting reproductive hormone balance in humans. However, evidence is limited to small RCTs and observational studies; no large-scale, independently replicated human trials exist.

Saw palmetto demonstrates probable efficacy for hormonally-driven conditions, particularly benign prostatic hyperplasia and androgenetic alopecia, through 5α-reductase inhibition and androgen modulation. However, evidence is mixed: some well-designed RCTs show meaningful clinical benefits, while large-scale trials (STEP, CAMUS) found it no better than placebo, limiting confidence in efficacy.

Vitamin B Complex shows probable efficacy for hormonal regulation, particularly for metabolic hormones (insulin, glucose) and stress-related hormones, but evidence is limited by small sample sizes, inconsistent effect measurements across studies, and lack of independent replication for most findings.

Vitamin E demonstrates probable efficacy for hormonal health, particularly for reducing testosterone in PCOS, improving menopausal symptoms, and supporting reproductive function. However, evidence remains inconsistent across different hormonal conditions, with limited high-quality human RCTs and mixed findings on clinical meaningfulness.

Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone synthesis and has demonstrated efficacy in treating iodine deficiency and certain thyroid conditions, but evidence for general hormonal optimization in healthy individuals is limited. Most human studies focus on disease states (Graves' disease, hypothyroidism, goiter) rather than hormonal enhancement.

Chromium supplementation shows probable benefit for hormonal markers in PCOS (reducing insulin, improving ovulation) and modest effects on glucose control in type 2 diabetes, but effects are inconsistent across studies and clinical significance remains uncertain.

Astaxanthin shows probable efficacy for hormone-related outcomes in PCOS and reproductive settings, with multiple human RCTs demonstrating improvements in insulin resistance, inflammatory markers, and oocyte quality. However, evidence is limited by small sample sizes, short durations, and lack of independent replication across independent research groups.

DIM demonstrates probable efficacy for modulating estrogen metabolism in humans, with consistent effects on estrogen metabolite ratios and modest reductions in estradiol levels. However, evidence is limited by small sample sizes, short study durations, and mixed results on clinically meaningful outcomes like breast density and body composition.

Pycnogenol shows probable efficacy for several hormonal health goals, particularly erectile dysfunction and menopausal symptoms, supported by multiple human RCTs and observational studies with consistent positive results, though most individual trials are small-to-moderate sized and further replication is needed.

Epicatechin shows probable efficacy for hormonal regulation in humans, primarily through improved insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis, but evidence is limited to small-scale studies with mixed results on vascular endpoints.

Pomegranate extract shows probable efficacy for hormonal regulation, particularly in PCOS and menopausal conditions, supported by 2 human RCTs and multiple animal studies demonstrating effects on testosterone, estradiol, and insulin sensitivity. However, evidence remains limited by small sample sizes, short trial durations, and inconsistent results across different hormonal endpoints.

Olive leaf extract shows probable efficacy for hormonal markers in humans, particularly insulin regulation and glucose control, supported by multiple RCTs and mechanistic studies. However, evidence remains limited by small sample sizes, short intervention periods, and inconsistent replication across independent research groups.

Mucuna pruriens shows probable efficacy for improving male reproductive hormones and semen quality based on multiple human studies, but evidence is limited by small sample sizes, lack of placebo controls in most trials, and inconsistent dose-response relationships across studies.

Cistanche shows probable efficacy for hormonal health in humans, with 4 RCTs demonstrating improvements in testosterone, cortisol, and other sex hormones, but evidence is limited by small sample sizes and short intervention durations. Animal studies consistently support hormonal benefits through multiple mechanisms.

Tribulus terrestris shows probable efficacy for improving erectile dysfunction and sexual function in men, with some evidence for modest testosterone increases in specific populations. However, efficacy for general testosterone elevation is inconsistent and unproven in healthy men without baseline hormonal deficiency.

Valerian root shows modest, inconsistent benefits for sleep quality in some populations, particularly postmenopausal women, but efficacy is not conclusively proven. Multiple meta-analyses report mixed results with limited objective evidence.

Passionflower shows probable efficacy for reducing anxiety and improving sleep quality in humans, but evidence is limited to 2 small RCTs and 1 observational study with inconsistent hormonal outcomes. Subjective anxiety improved in one RCT, but cortisol (a key hormonal marker) was not significantly affected.

Lemon balm shows probable but not conclusive efficacy for hormonal health, primarily through effects on thyroid function and menopausal symptoms. Human evidence is limited to small observational studies and one case report; no large, well-controlled RCTs specifically targeting hormonal outcomes exist.

CLA shows probable but inconsistent effects on hormonal markers, with the strongest evidence for leptin reduction in specific subgroups (obese/overweight individuals, males, <8 weeks duration) and modest improvements in insulin sensitivity in obese children. However, results are mixed across broader populations and some hormonal effects are contradictory.

Rapamycin/mTOR inhibitors show probable efficacy for hormone-related conditions through multiple human clinical trials, particularly in hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer and endometrial disease, but evidence is mixed regarding broader hormonal applications and long-term safety.

Whey protein demonstrates probable efficacy for hormonal outcomes related to glycemic control, insulin secretion, and muscle anabolism in humans, supported by multiple RCTs and meta-analyses. However, evidence quality is moderate due to small sample sizes, heterogeneous study designs, and mixed results on some hormonal markers.

Astragalus shows probable efficacy for hormonal regulation based on 5 human RCTs and multiple mechanistic studies, with demonstrated effects on reproductive hormones, menopausal symptoms, and endocrine function. However, evidence is limited by small sample sizes, heterogeneous outcome measures, and limited independent replication.

Butyrate shows probable efficacy for hormonal health through mechanisms involving gut microbiota modulation, insulin sensitivity, and hormone regulation, but evidence is primarily observational or mechanistic in humans with only one small RCT directly testing butyrate supplementation for a hormonal outcome (pediatric obesity).

Forskolin shows probable efficacy for hormonal markers related to metabolic health in humans, with two RCTs demonstrating improvements in insulin sensitivity and metabolic parameters. However, evidence is limited to small studies (n<50) with modest effect sizes and lacks independent replication.

Betaine supplementation shows probable benefits for hormonal markers in humans, with multiple RCTs demonstrating increases in testosterone and decreases in cortisol following resistance exercise. However, evidence is limited to small-sample studies (n<50) with short supplementation periods, and findings have not been independently replicated across diverse populations.

L-theanine shows probable efficacy for hormonal regulation in humans, particularly for stress hormone reduction and anxiety-related hormonal changes, based on 4 human RCTs and 1 observational study. However, evidence is limited by small sample sizes and inconsistent measurement of hormonal endpoints across studies.

Acetyl-L-carnitine shows probable efficacy for hormonal regulation in PCOS and hypothalamic amenorrhea based on multiple human studies, but evidence is limited by small sample sizes, lack of independent replication, and mixed results across different hormonal conditions.

L-Citrulline shows probable benefit for hormonal health, particularly testosterone levels and reproductive function, but evidence remains limited to small human studies with inconsistent results and primarily animal/mechanistic data.

HMB supplementation shows probable efficacy for increasing testosterone levels in adults, with a recent meta-analysis demonstrating significant increases. However, effects on other key anabolic hormones (IGF-1, growth hormone) are inconsistent or absent, and human RCT evidence remains limited with modest sample sizes.

Taurine shows probable benefits for hormonal and metabolic health in humans, particularly for glucose control and insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese populations, but evidence is limited to 2 small RCTs and observational studies with inconsistent findings across hormonal endpoints.

L-Carnosine shows probable efficacy for hormonal regulation based on one human RCT demonstrating improvements in glucose control and inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes, plus two animal studies showing effects on stress hormones and oxytocin. However, evidence is limited to a single small human trial and animal models; independent replication in humans is lacking.

Leucine supplementation shows probable efficacy for hormonal outcomes related to muscle protein synthesis and anabolic signaling in humans, but evidence is limited to small RCTs and observational studies with mixed results on clinically meaningful endpoints like muscle mass and strength.

Tryptophan supplementation shows probable efficacy for hormonal health through serotonin pathway modulation, with human evidence demonstrating reduced stress hormones and improved mood in specific contexts (oral contraceptive users, stressed animals). However, evidence remains limited to small-sample human RCTs and lacks large-scale replication.

L-ornithine shows probable efficacy for stress and hormonal markers in humans based on one rigorous RCT, but evidence remains limited to a single small trial. Animal data suggests potential reproductive benefits through ornithine decarboxylase pathway activation, but human fertility outcomes are not yet demonstrated.

Exenatide demonstrably improves multiple hormonal parameters in humans, including β-cell function, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion. However, evidence is limited to 3 small human RCTs and 4 observational studies; no large-scale or meta-analytic confirmation exists for hormonal endpoints specifically.

Octreotide effectively suppresses excess hormone secretion in multiple pituitary and neuroendocrine tumors (acromegaly, TSH-secreting adenomas, Cushing's disease), with established efficacy in humans across multiple studies. However, efficacy varies by tumor type and individual response, and evidence is limited by relatively small sample sizes and lack of large-scale RCTs.

Peptide YY is a naturally secreted gut hormone that plays a demonstrated role in appetite suppression and satiety signaling in humans. Evidence shows PYY increases with certain dietary interventions and influences hunger/fullness perception, but efficacy as a therapeutic agent for hormonal goals remains incompletely characterized.

Pramlintide improves hormonal glucose control in type 1 and type 2 diabetes by suppressing glucagon and slowing gastric emptying, with demonstrated efficacy in multiple human RCTs. However, evidence is limited to diabetes management rather than broader hormonal optimization, and clinical adoption remains low due to injection burden.

NAD+ supplementation shows promising effects on hormonal health in humans, particularly for insulin sensitivity and ovarian function, but evidence is limited to 3 RCTs with modest sample sizes and lacks independent replication across diverse populations.

Calcium supplementation is proven effective for treating hypoparathyroidism-induced hypocalcemia, with consistent evidence from multiple human studies showing it normalizes serum calcium levels when combined with vitamin D. However, evidence for broader hormonal benefits is limited and mixed.

Vitamin B6 shows probable efficacy for pregnancy-related nausea based on multiple meta-analyses, and appears to influence hormonal metabolism and stress responses in controlled studies. However, evidence for direct hormonal health optimization in non-pregnant populations is limited and mixed.

Folate supplementation shows modest, consistent benefits for insulin sensitivity and metabolic markers in women with hormonal conditions (PCOS, CIN), with evidence primarily from small-to-moderate human RCTs. Effects on reproductive hormones are minimal and inconsistent.

Vitamin K1 shows probable benefits for insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism in humans, supported by several RCTs and observational studies. However, evidence remains inconsistent and limited by small sample sizes, short intervention periods, and mixed results on clinical outcomes.

MCT oil has modest, proven effects on insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism in humans, with consistent evidence that it can prevent diet-induced insulin resistance and improve satiety-related hormones in specific populations. However, effects on broader hormonal regulation are mixed and often modest.

One human RCT demonstrates that zeaxanthin supplementation (as part of macular carotenoid blend) reduces serum cortisol and psychological stress in young adults over 12 months. However, evidence is limited to a single study with modest sample size, and the second identified study does not address hormonal outcomes.

Vitamin A shows probable efficacy for hormonal regulation, particularly thyroid function and reproductive/growth hormones, based on multiple human RCTs with modest sample sizes. Effects on thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and growth-related hormones like IGF-1 are consistently demonstrated, but evidence remains limited by small trial sizes and lack of independent replication in large populations.

Caffeine modulates multiple hormonal responses including cortisol, testosterone, adrenaline, and IGF-1 during various physiological states. While human RCTs demonstrate measurable hormonal changes, the clinical significance and practical utility of these shifts for hormonal health remain unclear, and effects vary substantially by individual genetics and caffeine consumption habits.

BPC-157 shows potential for influencing hormonal pathways based on animal studies demonstrating growth hormone receptor upregulation and interactions with stress response systems, but no human studies have directly evaluated hormonal effects.

Ipamorelin consistently stimulates growth hormone release in humans and animals, but clinical efficacy for hormonal health goals remains unproven. Evidence is limited to pharmacokinetic studies, animal models, and mechanism-of-action research with no completed human efficacy trials.

Semax shows plausible hormonal effects in animal and limited human studies, primarily through modulation of sympathetic nervous system activity and stress-response gene expression, but efficacy is not proven in humans for hormonal health as a primary outcome.

Selank shows plausible hormonal effects in animal models (reduced corticosterone under stress, altered cytokine levels) and mechanistic activity (enzyme inhibition, peptidase effects), but there is no human RCT evidence and only one small human observational neuroimaging study unrelated to hormonal outcomes.

Epithalon shows consistent effects on melatonin regulation and pineal gland function in animal models and a single small human RCT, but efficacy for hormonal balance in humans remains unproven due to lack of rigorous clinical trials.

DSIP shows plausible effects on HPA axis regulation and hormonal markers in small human studies and animal models, but evidence of clinical efficacy is weak and inconsistent. Most human studies report null or marginal effects despite theoretical promise.

KPV shows anti-inflammatory effects in multiple animal models and in vitro studies, but evidence for hormonal effects specifically is minimal. Only one human study exists (observational, n=4, focused on neuropsychiatric outcomes rather than direct hormonal measurement), making efficacy in humans unproven.

SS-31 (elamipretide) shows mechanistic promise for hormonal health through mitochondrial protection, but evidence remains limited to animal models and isolated cell studies with no human RCTs demonstrating hormonal efficacy. Efficacy in humans is plausible but unproven.

AOD-9604 shows a plausible mechanism for affecting metabolism and body composition based on animal studies and in-vitro research, but lacks human clinical trial evidence to prove efficacy for hormonal health goals. All meaningful efficacy data comes from rodent models or mechanistic studies.

LL-37 shows plausible hormonal modulatory effects in observational human studies and animal models, but efficacy is not proven. Evidence is primarily mechanistic, demonstrating reciprocal interactions between LL-37 and steroid hormones (cortisol/DHEA) rather than demonstrating that LL-37 supplementation improves hormonal health outcomes.

Dihexa shows procognitive and synaptogenic effects in animal models and mechanistic studies, but lacks human efficacy data for hormonal health goals. The single human RCT failed to demonstrate protection against Huntington's disease-like symptoms in rats, and no studies directly assess hormonal outcomes.

Kisspeptin is a key neuroendocrine regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis with strong mechanistic evidence in animals and limited human observational data. While human studies show kisspeptin's association with reproductive outcomes (pregnancy success, hormone levels), there are no RCTs demonstrating that kisspeptin supplementation improves hormonal health in humans.

Humanin shows plausible effects on reproductive hormones and metabolic markers in animal models and small human observational studies, but no human RCTs exist to prove efficacy. Evidence is primarily mechanistic or correlational rather than demonstrating clinical benefit.

GDF-11 shows plausible hormonal effects in multiple human observational studies, but efficacy for hormonal health is not proven. Evidence is limited to correlational associations with metabolic markers and bone metabolism, with no RCTs demonstrating clinical benefit.

FOXO4-DRI shows consistent positive effects on testosterone secretion and spermatogenesis in aged mice through selective elimination of senescent Leydig cells, but efficacy is demonstrated only in animal models with no human trials to date.

VIP shows plausible hormonal regulatory roles across multiple animal and mechanistic studies, but human efficacy for hormonal health goals remains unproven. Only 1 human observational study exists (PCOS), showing elevated VIP levels rather than demonstrating therapeutic benefit.

Cortagen shows tissue-specific effects in animal models and demonstrates some capacity to modulate gene expression in mouse heart, but no human efficacy data exists for hormonal health goals. Evidence is limited to small animal studies and reviews without proven clinical benefit.

ARA-290 shows consistent protective effects on pancreatic islets and anti-inflammatory properties in animal models, but no human clinical trials have been conducted to establish efficacy for hormonal health goals. Evidence is limited to preclinical research.

Cerebrolysin shows plausible hormonal effects in animal and limited human studies, particularly on corticosterone and stress-related hormonal dysfunction, but efficacy is not proven in humans. Evidence is primarily from animal models with only sparse human observational data.

IGF-1 LR3 modulates hormonal signaling in reproductive and metabolic tissues across animal models, but evidence of proven efficacy in humans for hormonal goals is absent. The single human RCT examined granulosa cell proliferation in a fertility context, not systemic hormonal changes.

MGF shows plausible hormonal effects primarily in animal and in-vitro studies, with limited human evidence. While several human RCTs demonstrate MGF mRNA upregulation after resistance training, no studies establish MGF supplementation as an exogenous intervention improves hormonal outcomes in humans.

Oxytocin shows plausible mechanisms for hormonal regulation based on animal studies and mechanistic research, but human evidence for hormonal efficacy is limited to small observational studies and one small RCT with mixed results. No large-scale human trials demonstrate clear hormonal benefits.

ACE-031 shows promise for increasing muscle mass and lean body mass in a single small human RCT, but efficacy remains unproven due to limited replication and a narrow study population (postmenopausal women only). The hormonal relevance is indirect—effects on muscle and bone metabolism biomarkers were observed, but this is not a direct hormonal intervention study.

Prostatilen shows promise for hormonal function in animal models, with evidence of increased testosterone and improved androgenic balance, but efficacy in humans remains largely unproven—only one small observational study exists with no placebo controls.

Milk thistle shows plausible hormonal effects in animal and limited human studies, but efficacy for hormonal goals in humans remains unproven. Evidence is dominated by mechanistic reviews and animal studies; human RCT evidence is sparse and mixed.

Elderberry shows plausible effects on hormonal regulation in animal models and in-vitro studies, particularly for testosterone synthesis and ovarian steroid hormone secretion, but human evidence is extremely limited to a single review study with no RCT data.

Glucosamine + chondroitin has NOT been studied as a hormonal intervention. The one human trial finding hormonal relevance (Study 6) tested the combination for aromatase inhibitor-associated joint pain in breast cancer patients and found no change in estradiol levels despite symptom improvement, indicating no hormonal mechanism.

Vitamin C shows promise for hormonal regulation in animal models, particularly for protecting against testicular damage and supporting thyroid function, but human evidence remains limited to small observational studies and one small RCT. Efficacy in humans is plausible but not yet proven.

Vitamin B12 shows plausible effects on hormonal markers (melatonin rhythm, cortisol) in small human studies, but evidence is limited and inconsistent. Most relevant data comes from small RCTs with short durations; no large-scale trials specifically designed to evaluate hormonal outcomes exist.

Iron supplementation shows plausible effects on hormonal regulation, particularly hepcidin suppression and potential benefits for reproductive/menopause-related hormones, but robust human RCT evidence specifically for hormonal endpoints is minimal. Most evidence comes from mechanistic reviews and observational studies rather than rigorous human trials testing hormonal outcomes.

Copper supplementation shows promising effects on hormonal markers in animal studies, particularly for growth hormone, ghrelin, and insulin secretion, but human evidence is extremely limited and mostly observational. No rigorous human RCTs directly demonstrate copper's hormonal efficacy in healthy populations.

Fisetin shows emerging promise for hormonal health, particularly ovarian function and estrogen/progesterone regulation, but evidence is limited to animal models and in-vitro studies with only one small human observational study. Efficacy in humans has not been demonstrated.

Spermidine shows consistent mechanistic effects on hormonal tissues (ovaries, testes, pancreatic β cells) in animal models through autophagy and antioxidant pathways, but efficacy in humans remains unproven. One ongoing human RCT exists but has not yet reported results.

Urolithin A shows plausible hormonal effects through estrogen receptor modulation and mitochondrial function in animal and mechanistic studies, but human evidence for hormonal benefits is limited to one small RCT and observational data. Efficacy in humans for hormonal health goals is not yet proven.

Sulforaphane shows plausible hormonal effects through Nrf2 pathway activation in animal models and limited human studies, but efficacy for hormonal health goals remains unproven in rigorous human trials. A single human RCT demonstrates improved insulin resistance, but broader hormonal endpoints lack human evidence.

Glutathione supplementation shows promise for hormonal health in animal models, particularly for reproductive function and testosterone levels, but evidence is limited to mostly animal studies with only one human RCT available, which was not hormonal-focused. Efficacy in humans for hormonal goals remains unproven.

Boswellia shows plausible hormonal effects in animal models and limited human studies, but efficacy for hormonal health goals is not proven. Human evidence is sparse, small-scale, and indirect (focused on menstrual bleeding and aromatase inhibitor side effects rather than hormonal optimization).

TUDCA shows consistent mechanistic effects on hormonal regulation in animal and cell models, particularly through ER stress reduction and effects on insulin secretion and steroid metabolism. However, human evidence is limited to 3 small RCTs with modest sample sizes, and most hormonal endpoints lack direct clinical validation.

Nattokinase has been studied for hormonal health primarily in animal models, showing potential effects on insulin secretion, glucose tolerance, and blood pressure regulation. However, no human clinical trials exist to prove efficacy for hormonal goals in humans.

Shilajit shows promise for hormonal health in animal models, with evidence of testosterone enhancement and HPA axis modulation, but efficacy remains unproven in humans. All available evidence comes from rodent studies with no human trials.

Bovine colostrum shows plausible effects on some hormonal markers (IGF-I, testosterone) in small human studies, but evidence is limited to 5 human RCTs with inconsistent results and no independent replication of key findings. Efficacy in humans is not proven.

Beta-glucans show plausible hormonal effects in animal studies and limited human data, with evidence of altered thyroid hormones, cortisol, growth hormone, and appetite-regulating peptides. However, human evidence is sparse and mixed, with only a few small RCTs and pilot studies demonstrating meaningful hormonal changes.

Cordyceps shows plausible hormonal effects primarily through animal studies, particularly on insulin secretion, testosterone production, and estrogen-related pathways, but lacks human RCT evidence to prove efficacy for hormonal health goals.

Reishi shows plausible hormonal effects based on mechanistic studies and one small human RCT, but efficacy in humans remains unproven. Evidence is primarily from animal models and in-vitro research demonstrating interactions with hormone signaling pathways.

Chaga (Inonotus obliquus) shows consistent effects on sex hormones and glucose metabolism in animal models, but no human clinical trials exist. Evidence is limited to rodent studies, making efficacy in humans unproven.

Pterostilbene shows plausible hormonal effects through multiple mechanistic pathways (SIRT1, estrogen receptors, insulin signaling), but human evidence for hormonal benefits is limited to safety data and small observational studies. Efficacy in humans remains unproven.

Grape seed extract shows plausible hormonal effects in animal models, particularly on testosterone, estrogen regulation, and stress hormones, but human evidence is extremely limited and mostly negative or inconclusive. A single pilot RCT found no significant effect on estrogen levels in postmenopausal women.

Bromelain shows plausible hormonal effects in animal models—particularly on testosterone maintenance and testicular function—but human evidence is limited to small observational studies and one small RCT. Efficacy in humans for hormonal health is not proven.

Stinging nettle shows plausible hormonal effects in humans, including case reports of galactorrhea and gynecomastia, but evidence is limited to 2 small RCTs and 3 case reports. No large-scale, well-controlled human trials demonstrate clinically proven efficacy for hormonal health goals.

Ecdysterone and related ecdysteroids function as hormonal signaling molecules in insects, regulating development, metamorphosis, and reproduction through 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) pathways. One small human RCT found beta-ecdysone prevented glucocorticoid-induced bone loss in mice, but no human efficacy trials for hormonal health goals exist.

Turkesterone shows consistent stress-protective and metabolic benefits in multiple animal models, but no human clinical trials exist to prove efficacy in humans. Evidence is limited to rodent studies and mechanistic research.

Fadogia agrestis shows testosterone-elevating effects in male rats with dose-dependent increases in sexual behavior parameters, but all evidence is limited to animal studies with no human trials demonstrating safety or efficacy for hormonal health.

Schisandra shows plausible hormonal effects in animal and mechanistic studies, particularly on testosterone production and stress hormone regulation, but human evidence is limited to one small pilot RCT and observational data. Efficacy in humans remains unproven.

Methylene blue has been studied in several hormonal contexts, primarily as a mechanistic tool rather than a therapeutic agent. Only one human RCT directly tested methylene blue for a hormonal outcome (urea synthesis regulation), showing partial efficacy. Most evidence is mechanistic or from non-human models.

Pregnenolone is a precursor steroid hormone whose levels correlate with various hormonal conditions, but human efficacy for hormonal health goals is not proven. Most evidence comes from observational studies measuring pregnenolone levels in disease states or from small uncontrolled trials using multi-hormone combinations.

One small human RCT (n=40) shows hyaluronic acid may reduce inflammatory markers and improve knee osteoarthritis symptoms, but efficacy for hormonal endpoints specifically is not directly demonstrated. The second study is an in vitro bovine oocyte study with no direct human hormonal relevance.

Peppermint oil is mentioned as effective for treating some IBS symptoms in a 2009 review, but no rigorous human trials are available. Efficacy is plausible but not proven, and the mechanism remains unclear.

Lion's Mane shows plausible but unproven effects on hormonal function based primarily on animal studies. No human RCTs exist for hormonal endpoints; evidence is limited to mechanistic animal models and in-vitro work.

Alpha-GPC shows plausible hormonal effects in animal and limited human studies, primarily enhancing growth hormone response to GHRH and slightly suppressing TSH, but human evidence is sparse and inconsistent. Efficacy for hormonal support in humans is not proven.

Bacopa monnieri shows emerging evidence for hormonal modulation, particularly HPA axis regulation and stress-induced hormonal changes, but efficacy is demonstrated primarily in animal models with only 2 human RCTs of modest size and design.

Phosphatidylserine shows plausible hormonal effects in animal and mechanistic studies, but human evidence is limited to one small RCT (n=18) demonstrating reduced cortisol response after acute exercise. Efficacy for hormonal health in humans remains unproven.

CDP-Choline shows mechanistic plausibility for hormonal modulation based on limited human observational data and animal studies, but lacks rigorous human RCT evidence demonstrating clinical efficacy for hormonal goals.

Ginkgo biloba shows plausible hormonal effects based on limited human data and mechanistic studies, but efficacy for hormonal health is not conclusively proven. One small human RCT demonstrated effects on ovarian hormone release in vitro, and observational evidence suggests aromatase inhibition in breast cancer cells, but human hormonal outcomes remain largely unstudied.

Panax ginseng shows plausible hormonal effects based on mechanistic evidence and limited human data, but proven efficacy in humans for hormonal goals remains unestablished. Most evidence comes from animal studies and reviews of potential mechanisms rather than rigorous human trials.

Huperzine A shows consistent effects on ovarian function and follicular development in rodent models through acetylcholinesterase inhibition, but no human trials exist for hormonal effects. Evidence is limited to animal studies with plausible mechanisms but unproven efficacy in humans.

PQQ shows consistent positive effects on hormonal regulation in animal models, particularly for thyroid function, insulin secretion, and reproductive/ovarian health. However, human evidence is extremely limited—only one case report of an adverse reaction exists, with no human RCTs or observational studies demonstrating efficacy for hormonal goals.

Noopept shows consistent antidiabetic and glucose-normalizing effects in rodent models of diabetes, but evidence is limited to animal studies with one small human RCT that was incompletely reported. Efficacy in humans remains unproven.

S-phenylpiracetam reduced body weight gain, plasma glucose, and leptin levels in rodent models of obesity, suggesting potential hormonal/metabolic effects. However, no human trials exist, and the study design was observational animal research only.

Vinpocetine has been studied for hormonal-related conditions (menopausal symptoms, sexual function) in a small number of human trials, but evidence remains preliminary. Most research examines mechanistic pathways in animal models and cell cultures rather than demonstrating direct hormonal efficacy in humans.

Centrophenoxine shows limited evidence for hormonal effects in humans. One small RCT found increased intracellular water but did not report specific hormonal outcomes; observational studies in animals and isolated tissue suggest potential modulation of adrenergic and thyroid signaling, but human hormonal efficacy remains unproven.

Bromantane shows plausible effects on hormonal and sympathetic nervous system parameters in animal models, but evidence of efficacy in humans for hormonal goals is limited to a single small RCT using a combination drug regimen. Efficacy is not proven.

Sulbutiamine shows promise for protecting testicular function in diabetes-induced dysfunction based on a single rat study, but no human evidence exists. Efficacy in humans remains unproven.

Oxiracetam shows plausible mechanisms for hormonal modulation (increased fasting GH secretion, cholinergic activity) but efficacy for hormonal health goals is not established. Limited human data from small observational studies with mixed or inconclusive results.

L-Glutamine influences multiple hormonal pathways in humans, particularly gut hormone secretion (GLP-1, PYY, ghrelin) and insulin signaling, but efficacy for hormonal optimization remains plausible rather than proven. Human evidence is limited to small RCTs (n<30) with modest effect sizes and no large-scale replication.

Glycine has been studied primarily in animal models and one small human RCT for hormonal-related outcomes, with suggestive but unproven efficacy. The only direct human evidence (n=13) shows improvements in sleep quality and cognitive function, but does not demonstrate clear hormonal effects.

5-HTP shows plausible hormonal effects in humans (primarily cortisol stimulation) and consistent metabolic/endocrine benefits in animal models, but human efficacy remains incompletely proven with only small RCTs and mechanistic studies. Evidence is emerging but not conclusive for clinical hormonal optimization.

GABA has plausible mechanisms for hormonal regulation based on mechanistic studies and observational data, but lacks rigorous human RCT evidence demonstrating clinical efficacy for hormonal goals. Available evidence is primarily from animal models, reviews, and a single dated 1982 human study.

Beta-alanine shows emerging potential for hormonal regulation, particularly in insulin metabolism and stress hormone modulation, but human evidence remains limited to small RCTs with mixed results. Efficacy in humans is plausible but not yet proven.

BCAAs show plausible hormonal effects in animal and small human studies, particularly on cortisol reduction and insulin signaling, but human evidence is limited, inconsistent, and mostly from small or uncontrolled trials. Efficacy in humans is not yet proven.

D-aspartic acid shows plausible mechanisms for testosterone and reproductive health based on animal and mechanistic studies, but human evidence is weak and inconsistent. Multiple human RCTs found no significant effects on testosterone in healthy or athletic populations.

L-arginine shows plausible hormonal effects in animal models and limited human data, but human efficacy for hormonal goals remains unproven. Most evidence comes from animal studies or mechanistic reviews rather than large, well-controlled human trials.

L-Lysine shows a plausible hormonal mechanism in humans (aldosterone regulation via 5-HT4 antagonism) demonstrated in one rigorous RCT, but efficacy for general hormonal health is not proven. Evidence is limited to specific receptor antagonism in adrenal function with no demonstrated clinical benefit for broader hormonal goals.

Adipotide shows potential for weight loss and metabolic improvements in obese animal models, but efficacy has not been demonstrated in humans. All evidence comes from rodent studies with no human trials.

Cortistatin shows plausible hormonal regulatory effects in animal and cell models, particularly on growth hormone, prolactin, and adrenocorticotropin axes, but lacks human RCTs demonstrating clinical efficacy for hormonal health.

Ghrelin is a well-characterized appetite-regulating hormone with proven physiological effects on hunger and energy balance in humans, but evidence that supplementing or manipulating ghrelin improves hormonal health outcomes is limited to mechanistic studies and observational findings rather than robust clinical intervention trials.

Nesfatin-1 shows plausible hormonal effects in animal and human observational studies, particularly on glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, and reproductive hormones, but lacks robust human RCT evidence. Most findings come from small observational studies and animal models.

Orexin-A is studied primarily in animal models and observational human studies for hormonal regulation, with plausible mechanisms in sex steroid interactions and reproductive function, but no human RCTs demonstrating efficacy for hormonal health goals.

P21 is studied primarily in animal models as a molecular marker of cell cycle arrest and stress response, with no human trials demonstrating efficacy for hormonal health. Evidence is emerging but unproven in humans.

PACAP-38 shows consistent effects on multiple hormonal systems in animal models and isolated cell studies, but no human trials exist. Evidence is mechanistically strong but efficacy in humans remains unproven.

Thymopentin shows immunomodulatory effects in multiple human studies, but evidence for hormonal benefits specifically is limited to small observational studies and mechanistic research. No large-scale RCTs demonstrate clinically meaningful hormonal improvements.

Thymulin is a thymic hormone whose production is modulated by neuroendocrine factors, but evidence of direct hormonal improvement in humans is limited to observational studies showing correlations with immune and endocrine markers rather than demonstrated clinical efficacy.

CAAKG (calcium-alpha-ketoglutarate) shows promise for hormonal health in limited human studies, primarily through phosphate binding and correction of secondary hyperparathyroidism in dialysis patients. Evidence for broader hormonal effects remains largely mechanistic or animal-based, without robust human efficacy data.

Manganese supplementation shows plausible hormonal benefits in animal models, particularly for insulin secretion and reproductive hormone expression, but human evidence is minimal and inconsistent. No robust human RCTs demonstrate clinical efficacy for hormonal goals.

Vitamin B1 (thiamine) shows plausible effects on glucose metabolism and hormonal function in small human studies, but evidence is limited to 2 RCTs with small samples (n=12 each) and multiple case reports of thiamine deficiency correction. Efficacy for hormonal health in non-deficient individuals is not proven.

Vitamin B2 shows plausible hormonal effects in animal and mechanistic studies, particularly on reproductive function and insulin signaling, but human evidence is limited to one small RCT with modest trends and observational data. Efficacy in humans for hormonal health is not yet proven.

Vitamin B3 shows mechanistic promise for hormonal health through NAD+ metabolism and androgen regulation, but human evidence is limited to one null RCT and observational studies. Animal data suggests potential benefits for reproductive hormones and testicular function, but efficacy in humans remains unproven.

Luteolin shows plausible hormonal effects in animal and cell models, particularly for ovarian health and estrogen-related pathways, but evidence of efficacy in humans remains absent. The only hormonal-specific human data comes from mechanistic studies in post-COVID patients, not reproductive or endocrine outcomes.

Ginger shows plausible hormonal effects in animal models, particularly on reproductive hormones and stress responses, but evidence is limited to a single small human RCT on chemotherapy-induced nausea and multiple animal studies. Efficacy for general hormonal health in humans is not proven.

Lycopene shows plausible anti-androgenic effects on prostate cancer in preclinical studies and limited human trials, but evidence of hormonal benefit remains preliminary. Human studies are small, inconsistent, and most do not demonstrate clinical efficacy in modulating hormone levels or improving clinical outcomes.

Lutein shows plausible hormonal benefits based on consistent animal studies demonstrating improvements in reproductive hormones and stress markers, plus one small human RCT showing cortisol reduction. However, efficacy in humans remains largely unproven due to limited human data.

Beetroot supplementation shows plausible hormonal effects in humans, particularly on nitric oxide metabolism and insulin levels, but evidence remains limited and mechanistic rather than clinically proven for hormonal health goals.

Burdock extract shows plausible hormonal effects in 2 human RCTs and 1 animal study, with improvements in sex hormones (SHBG, estradiol, DHEA-S) and sperm parameters in diabetic mice. However, evidence remains limited, effects are modest, and human studies lack consistency—efficacy is suggested but not proven.

Sea moss extract shows preliminary evidence for hormonal effects in animal models, with one small rat study demonstrating increased testosterone and sperm motility. However, no human trials directly assess hormonal outcomes, and most abstracts focus on iodine content rather than hormonal mechanisms.

Apple cider vinegar shows potential effects on hormonal parameters related to PCOS and metabolic health in animal models, but human evidence is limited to one observational study with multiple confounding interventions. Efficacy in humans is not yet proven.

Yellow Dock (Rumex species) shows hormonal effects in animal studies, but evidence is limited to rodent models with effects ranging from antifertility actions to modest improvements in glucose metabolism. No human trials demonstrate efficacy for hormonal health goals.

Black pepper (piperine) has been studied for hormonal effects primarily in combination with curcumin, with one animal study showing improvements in thyroid hormones and testosterone. Human evidence is limited and mixed, with no consistent demonstration of hormonal benefit.

Moringa shows promise for improving reproductive and hormonal markers in animal studies, but human evidence is minimal and limited to small observational studies. Efficacy in humans for hormonal health remains unproven.

DHEA levels decline with age and observational studies correlate this with various age-related changes, but human RCT evidence for DHEA supplementation is extremely limited and shows minimal to no benefit for most claimed outcomes in healthy adults.

TB-500 has not been studied for hormonal effects in humans. The available evidence focuses on cardiovascular, wound healing, and neuroprotective properties with no direct hormonal endpoints measured.

GHK-Cu is mentioned in a 2026 review as a wound-healing peptide with potential to promote angiogenesis and tissue remodeling, but no human efficacy data exists for hormonal health goals. The evidence is purely mechanistic and theoretical.

CJC-1295 DAC has not been studied for efficacy in humans for hormonal goals. The only available evidence is an in-vitro analytical method paper describing how to detect the compound in urine, which does not demonstrate any therapeutic effect.

Pinealon has not been tested in any human trials for hormonal effects. Only one animal study and three reviews mention it in relation to pineal gland function, but no efficacy data for hormonal outcomes are provided.

Cardiogen has not been proven to affect hormonal health in humans. The only available study is an in-vitro cell culture experiment showing increased expression of ghrelin and other markers in aging fibroblasts, which does not demonstrate clinical efficacy.

Cartalax has not been studied for hormonal effects. The single available study examined neuronal differentiation in stem cells, which is unrelated to hormonal health goals.

Only a single review article exists on Argireline for hormonal-related skin aging. The review discusses the physiological basis of wrinkle formation involving hormonal factors but does not present any empirical data proving Argireline affects hormonal function or hormonal-related outcomes.

Biotin shows no proven efficacy for hormonal health goals. The available evidence focuses exclusively on biotin's interference with hormone assays rather than any therapeutic hormonal benefit, and highlights serious safety concerns including false diagnoses and metabolic complications.

All three studies are review articles with no original human efficacy data. Apigenin appears in one study as a protective agent against toxins in fruit flies and in another as one component of a multi-ingredient herbal formula; there is no direct evidence that apigenin alone affects hormonal health in humans.

MSM has not been demonstrated to have meaningful hormonal effects. The only relevant study (an animal model of osteoarthritis) showed no significant histopathological benefit of MSM compared to control, and the second article is unrelated to MSM or hormonal effects entirely.

Lactoferrin has not been studied in rigorous human trials for hormonal health goals. The only human data are observational findings about lactoferrin levels in breast milk related to maternal nutrition, and one review mentioning lactoferrin as a potential protective agent against toxin-induced reproductive harm—neither demonstrates proven efficacy for hormonal optimization.

Echinacea has not been studied for hormonal health in humans. The single human RCT examined gene expression during ACTH-induced cortisol stress in sheep, not humans. No clinical evidence demonstrates that echinacea meaningfully affects human hormone levels or hormonal health.

No human evidence demonstrates that kava affects hormonal health. Available abstracts focus on mechanistic studies (endocannabinoid system interaction, calcium signaling in cancer cells) and general reviews without efficacy data for hormonal outcomes.

No human evidence exists for lithium orotate's effects on hormonal health. The 5 most relevant abstracts either do not study hormonal outcomes, use non-orotate lithium forms, or focus on unrelated conditions like seizures and nausea.

SAMe does not have proven efficacy for hormonal health goals based on the available evidence. The abstracts show SAMe as a measured metabolite in hormonal contexts but provide no clinical trials demonstrating that SAMe supplementation improves hormonal outcomes.

Piracetam shows no proven efficacy for hormonal health goals and may actually worsen neuropsychiatric outcomes in some conditions. Evidence is limited to indirect mentions in meta-analyses of unrelated conditions with no direct hormonal mechanism demonstrated.

No human evidence demonstrates aniracetam affects hormonal levels. The sole human study found that elevated corticosteroids block aniracetam's cognitive effects, but does not show aniracetam modulates hormones itself.

Uridine and its metabolites appear in hormonal and metabolic contexts, but no human studies directly demonstrate that uridine supplementation improves hormonal health or function. All relevant human evidence involves indirect markers in disease states (HCV, HIV-associated lipodystrophy) without controlled intervention trials.

NSI-189 was identified as a differential serum metabolite in a small observational study of pregnant women with thyroid autoimmunity, but there is no evidence demonstrating that NSI-189 supplementation affects hormonal health or any clinical outcome.

DMAE has no demonstrated efficacy for hormonal health in humans. The 9 abstracts provided contain zero human studies testing DMAE for hormonal outcomes, and animal studies do not establish clinical relevance for hormonal regulation.

Fasoracetam was included in a systematic review of ADHD treatments but the abstract provides no data on hormonal effects, mechanisms, or efficacy for hormonal health goals. No evidence supports use for hormonal purposes.

Pramiracetam's effects on hormonal function are not directly studied in these abstracts. The only hormonal finding is incidental: elevated corticosteroids block pramiracetam's cognitive effects in mice, suggesting a hormonal interaction rather than demonstrating that pramiracetam modulates hormones.

L-Tyrosine has not been demonstrated to affect hormonal outcomes in humans. The only human study found increased N-acetyl-L-tyrosine (a tyrosine metabolite) as a marker of mitochondrial stress response during cardiac rehabilitation, but this was an observational finding, not a direct hormonal intervention study, and L-Tyrosine was not administered as a treatment.

Larazotide (AT1002) has been studied only in animal models for effects on intestinal permeability and drug absorption; no human trials have assessed hormonal effects, and the available evidence does not demonstrate efficacy for any hormonal health goal.

Tirzepatide has not been studied for hormonal health as a primary outcome. All abstracts focus on weight loss, diabetes control, and cardiometabolic outcomes; none report effects on sex hormones, thyroid function, cortisol, or other hormonal markers relevant to hormonal health.

Dulaglutide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist developed for type 2 diabetes and weight loss, not for hormonal health goals. The available abstracts do not demonstrate efficacy for improving hormonal function, hormone balance, or hormone-related conditions.

IGF-1 DES has not been studied in human trials for hormonal health. All evidence comes from animal studies and mechanistic reviews showing it activates growth signaling pathways, but no efficacy data in humans exists for any hormonal outcome.

Linaclotide is a GC-C agonist designed to treat constipation and IBS-C by increasing intestinal fluid secretion, not to modulate hormones or improve hormonal health. The evidence does not demonstrate that linaclotide improves any hormonal outcome.

Lixisenatide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist studied primarily for glucose control and weight loss in type 2 diabetes, not for hormonal health per se. The evidence does not demonstrate that lixisenatide improves hormonal function as a primary therapeutic goal.

No evidence supports Matrixyl's efficacy for hormonal health. The single available study examined skin penetration of peptides using microneedles and has no relevance to hormonal function.

NA-Semax Amidate has not been studied for hormonal health goals. All available abstracts examine effects on gastric ulcers, pain, memory, and heavy metal toxicity—none assess hormonal outcomes, endocrine function, or hormone levels.

Neuropeptide Y is extensively studied in animal models and reviews for its roles in energy homeostasis, appetite regulation, and stress response, but there are zero human RCTs or human observational studies demonstrating efficacy for any hormonal health goal in the provided abstracts.

SNAP-8 was not studied in any of the 50 retrieved abstracts for hormonal health. All identified abstracts concern thyroid autoimmunity, sex hormone profiles, and hormonal axes in various disease states — none mention or investigate SNAP-8.

There is no credible evidence that C-10 improves hormonal health. The 50 PubMed abstracts retrieved do not appear to study C-10 as a compound; instead, they are heterogeneous studies of various unrelated hormonal interventions (oxytocin, growth hormone, natriuretic peptides, gene polymorphisms, etc.) that happened to be indexed with similar search terms.

Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) increases adrenal hormone secretion in rats, but no human studies exist to demonstrate efficacy for hormonal health goals in people.

Lecithin has not been studied in humans for hormonal health. A single study in crayfish showed that lecithin supplementation increased ovarian development markers, but this finding cannot be extrapolated to human hormonal function.

Bladderwrack extract has not been studied for hormonal effects in humans. The only available evidence is a contaminant assessment study that warns of potential thyroid problems from excessive iodine consumption in seaweed, which is a safety concern, not evidence of hormonal benefit.

Kelp contains high levels of iodine that can cause thyroid dysfunction rather than improve hormonal health. There is no evidence that kelp supplementation improves hormonal balance; instead, multiple human studies demonstrate it suppresses thyroid function and can trigger hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.

Dandelion root extract showed protective effects against radiation-induced damage to liver and testicular tissues in rats, with improved hormone levels (testosterone, LH, inhibin B). However, this is a single animal study with no human evidence, so efficacy for hormonal health in humans is not proven.

No evidence demonstrates that molybdenum improves hormonal health. Available studies show molybdenum excess causes metabolic disruption and growth retardation in animals, with no human trials addressing hormonal outcomes.

Slippery elm was a minor ingredient in a multi-component supplement blend in one human observational study and appears in animal/in-vitro studies on different elm species unrelated to hormonal effects. No evidence demonstrates that slippery elm itself improves hormonal health.